linux basic commands

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1.sudo // meaning superUser do give access to superuser work
	sudo -h // gives the command help 
2.pwd // meaning path of working directory
	pwd <options(-L or -P)> // -L gives path to logical path and -P for physical path
	//-L For example,if existing in a dir /home/symlinked, it's a symlink to /home/realdir; it would display /home/symlinked.
	//-P For example, if existing in a dir /home/symlinked, it's a symlink to /home/realdir; it would display /home/realdir.
3.cd <options(~[username] or .. or -)>
4.ls <options (-R or -a or -lh)>//-R recursive, -a means all including hidden files
	//-lh shows the file size with easy readable format
5.cat // meaning conacat used to conacat files
	cat filename.txt // view the file
	cat > filename.txt // creates a new file and ctrl+D to save the file
	cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt // merges two files
	tac filename.txt // display content of file in reverse order
6.cp // to copy the files and directories
	cp filename.txt destinationPath
	cp filename.txt /home/username/Documents
	cp filename1.txt filename2.txt filename3.txt /home/username/Documents
	cp filename1.txt filename2.txt // copy content of file in another file
	cp -R /home/username/documents /home/username/documents_backup
		// -R copy everything recursively meaning copy whole directory
7.mv // primary use is to move and rename files and directories
	mv filename.txt /home/username/Documents // moves file to this directory
	mv old_filename.txt new_filename.txt // renames the filename

8.mkdir // used for creating one or many directries at once and set permission
	// for each one of them
	mkdir [options] directory_name
	mkdir Music // create a directory called Music
    mkdir Music/Songs // create a directory inside Music
	mkdir -p Anime/Movies // create multiple parent directories if needed
	mkdir -m a=rwx [directories] // read and write and execution access
	mkdir -v [directories] // verbose meaning print statement for each directory created

9.rmdir // removes empty directory but user must have sudo privilage in parent directory
	rmdir folder_name
    rmdir -p Anime/Movies //if both directores are empty we can delete both by using this flag
	
10.rm //this command is used to delete files in the directory
	// user performing this command must have write permission
	rm [options] filename.txt
	rm file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt // removes multiple files
	rm -i file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt // prompts for confirmation before deleting file
	rm -r directoryname/ // remvoes file recursively
    rm -f file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt // removes file without any confirmation

11.touch // this allows you to create empty file or to modify time stamp
	touch filename.txt // for creating file
	touch filename{1..3}.txt // create multiple file filename1.txt, filename2.txt, filename3.txt
    touch -a filename.txt // changes access time to currenttime
	touch -m filename.txt // chagnes modified time to currenttime
	touch -a -t YYYYMMDDhhmm.ss filename.txt// this will set the acess time as per provided
    touch  file1.txt -r file2.txt // this will copy access and modified time of file2.txt and update in file1.txt
	touch -d '8 Mar' filename.txt // this will set the give string as date and rest will be same as current time
	touch -d '20:10' filename.txt // this will se the time and rest will be same current date   

12. stat filname.txt // gives access, modified and created time data etc

13.locate // will help to find the file with the name
	locate filename.txt 
	locate -i school // will find all filenames having school word in it
    // -i ignores the case
    locate -i school*notes // finds all files with containing words school and notes

14.find // to find file or directory with directory path to look for
	find [directory] -name [filename]
	find /home -name notes.txt // will find notes.txt in home directory and its sub folder
	find -name notes.txt //will find notes.txt in current directory 
	find ./ type d -name directoryname // will find the directory with name

15.grep // to find some data in the file
	grep [options] pattern [FILE]
	grep -A2 pattern file_name // print 2 more lines after the pattern match
    grep -B2 pattern file_name // print 2 lines before the pattern match
	grep -C3 pattern file_name // print 3 lines before and after the patten match
    options:
	-i // case insensative search
	-w // search for words only
	-c // counts the total matches
	-r // search in recursive pattern
	-n // prints lines numbers
	-v //this options show the reverse match i.e which don't match
	grep pattern file1, file2, file3
	grep pattern * // search in the all present files
    grep 'query1\|query2' file // serarching for multiple queryies at a time
	egrep 'query1|query2' file 
	grep -e query1 -e query2 file
	grep -E 'query1|query2' file
	grep '^query' file // search the lines which starts with query
    grep '^query1.*query2$' file // finds lines which starts with query1 and endswith query2

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Contributed on Mar 06 2023

MarkSkAxel

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linux commands

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Linux Commands (Case Sensitive):

Basic:
pwd                ==> print the name of current directory   || Ex: pwd
whoami             ==> print the current user                || Ex: whoami
cd [directoryName] ==> enter a directory               		 || Ex: cd Music
cd ..              ==> go back to the parent directory       || Ex: cd ..
cp [file]          ==> copy file                             || Ex: cp music.mp3
ls                 ==> list all items in the current folder  || Ex: ls
clear              ==> clears the terminal                   || Ex: clear
mkdir [foldername] ==> makes folder with the specified name  || Ex: mkdir Songs
rmdir [foldername] ==> removes the specified folder          || Ex: rmdir Songs
echo [param]       ==> outputs the value of the variable	 || Ex: echo "Hi"
					   or string to stdout		             
tree 			   ==> lists the files in the current		 || Ex: tree 
					   directory in tree like format 

For sorting files:
mv [file] [newname]==> rename a file or folder  			 || Ex: mv exe txt
cat [filename]     ==> reads the specified file              || Ex: cat cmds.txt
tac [filename]     ==> reads the specified file in reverse   || Ex: tac cmds.txt
tail [file, file]  ==> reads first 10 lines of the files     || Ex: tail cmds.txt
zip [file, file]   ==> compresses the specified files        || Ex: zip files
vi [file]          ==> edit file in the terminal             || Ex: vi cmds.txt
gedit [file]       ==> edits the file in text editor         || Ex: gedit cm.txt
nano [file]        ==> edit file in nano editor              || Ex: nano cmds.txt
tar                ==> same as bzip2 						 || Ex: tar file
bzip2 -z / -d      ==> compress and decompress files with    || Ex: bzip2 -z cmds
                       the extension "bz2" respectively  
gzip               ==> same as bzip2 but compresses files    || Ex: gzip file
						with a gz extension.

Getting help:
man [command]      ==> show the manual of the command        || Ex: ls man
[command] --help   ==> similar to man but ouputs in terminal || Ex: pwd --help
apropos [word]     ==> search for the word in description    || Ex: aprpos list
					   of all commands

More advanced: 
reboot             ==> reboot the system                     || Ex: reboot
which [command]    ==> ouputs the location of the command    || Ex: which ls
su [username]      ==> impersonate as the specified user     || Ex: su root
id				   ==> print user and group information 	 || Ex: id
hostname		   ==>  display or seta computer`s hostname  || Ex: hostname
uname -a          ==> show  all the information of the OS    || Ex: uname -a
exit               ==> exit the current user or the terminal || Ex: exit
shutdown -P +min   ==> shutdowns the system        			 || Ex: shutdown -P

Networking: 
ifconfig           ==> lists all the network interfaces on   || Ex: ifconfig
					   your machine 
netstat            ==> displays network connections for TCP, || Ex: netstat
					   routing tables, and a number of 
                       network interface and network 
                       protocol statistic

For listing hardware:
lscpu             ==> list CPU architecture information      || Ex: lscpu
lsusb             ==> list information about usbs            || Ex: lsusb
lsblk 			  ==> list block devices					 || Ex: lsblk
lsof			  ==> list opened files						 || Ex: lsof
lspci       	  ==> list PCI devices  	 				 || Ex: lscpi

System Administration: 
  User Management:
  who 			     ==> prints the current logged in users  || Ex: who
  users              ==> shows names of users logged in      || Ex: users
  adduser [username] ==> adds another user                   || Ex: adduser david
  useradd [username] ==> same as adduser but is not preferrd || Ex: useradd david
  deluser            ==> deletes a user                      || Ex: deluser david
  usermod [user]	 ==> modify user settings & prefrences   || Ex: usermod david --shell /bin/bash
  passwd [user]      ==> change the password of the user	 || Ex: passwd  
  uptime             ==> shows how long the system has been  || Ex: uptime
                         running, number logged on users and 
                         the system load averages		
  visudo 			 ==> recommended way to edit   			 || Ex: sudo visudo
  						 /etc/sudoers file
  vipw 			     ==> recommended way to edit /etc/passwd || Ex: sudo vipw
  						 file
  systemctl 		 ==> mangae all the background running   || Ex: sudo systemctl disable ssh
  						 services (daemons)
  journalctl 		 ==> see all the logs for systemctl		 || journalctl -xe
  
  Important Files:
  /etc/passwd     ==> stores information of all the users	 || cat /etc/passwd
  /etc/shadow     ==> stores the hashed version of every 	 || cat /etc/passwd
					user`s password
   
ps(Process Status)==> displays currently-running processes   || Ex: ps
ss(Socket Status) ==> used to dump socket statistics and	 || Ex: ss
					  displays information

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Source: Grepper

Tags: linux linu

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Contributed on Jan 26 2021

Inquisitive Ibex

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linux commands

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cd /								# Chage directory to root directory
cd ~								# Chage directory to home directory
cd ..								# Chage directory to parent of present directory
ls <folder>							# List files and directories 
find . -iname "<a.txt>"				# Find files with given name in current directory tree
pwd									# Get present working directory
printenv SHELL						# Shows path to default shell
bash								# Switch to bash shell as default shell
whoami								# username
id -u -n							# user id and group id (-n will return name)
uname -v							# OS name and version
top	-n 3							# resource usage by top 3 tasks
df -h 								# Disk usage in human readable format
ps -u root							# Info of running process with root user
man <command>						# reference manual of a command
date "+%T"							# Today's time
cp -r /src/old /dst/				# copy file from source to destination
mv /src/dir /dst/dir				# Change file name or path
rm -r <filename.py>					# Remove file <filename.py> or a folder with child
rm -rf                              # Delete folder recursively
rm <filename>                       # Delete the file  
touch a.txt b.txt c.txt				# Create empty text files 
ls l <filename.py>					# Shows permission on a file 
./<filename.py>						# Execute the file
chmod +x <filename.py>				# Add executable permission on the file
mkdir <folder>						# Make directory named "<folder>"
rmdir <folder>						# Remove directory named "<folder>"
wc -l <filename.py>					# Get count of lines in file (-l for lines, -w for words, -c for chars)
grep -i ss <filename.py>			# Return lines in matching pattern ss. -i for case insensitive
grep -v ss <filename.py>			# Return lines not matching pattern ss. 
cat <filename.py>					# Print file contents
cut -c 2-9 <filename.py>			# Extract characters 2 to 9 from each line of file
cut -d ' ' -f2 <filename.py>		# Extract 2nd field delimited by ' ' from each line of file
paste -d ',' a.txt b.txt c.txt		# Merge files side-by-side delimited by ',' from each line (columns increase)
more <filename.py>					# Print file contents page by page. Use "space" to go to next page. "q" to quit.
head -n 3 <filename.py>				# Print first 3 lines of file contents (tail for last)
python ./<filename.py>				# Run python script in current directory
tar -cf archive_name.tar <folder>	# Create archive tarball from contents in folder
tar	-xf archive_name.tar <folder>	# De-archive the tarball and extract contents in folder
tar -czf archive.tar.gz <folder>	# Create compressed archive tarball with folder
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz <folder>	# Extract compressed archived tarball in folder
zip	-r compress_bundle.zip <folder>	# Compress a folder into compress_bundle.zip
unzip -o compress_bundle.zip		# De-Compress / Extract compress_bundle.zip
hostname -i							# Print hostname (-i will provide ip address)
ping <www.google.com>				# Send packets to url and prints response
curl <www.google.com> -o save.txt	# Save contents of the url in save.txt
wget www.mysite.org/hidden.txt		# Download file from a url
sort -r <filename.txt>				# Sort lines in reverse alpha-numeric order
uniq <filename.txt>					# Filter out duplicated lines in a file
nano <filename.py>					# Open a file in nano text editor (Ctrl + O to save, Ctrl + X to exit)
vim <filename.py>					# Open a file in vim text editor
alien <package-name>.rpm			# .rpm format to .deb format
alien -r <package-name>.deb			# .deb format to .rpm format
sudo apt upgrade <package-name>		# Upgrade packages in dependency tree
sudo apt install <package-name>		# Install a package
pip install <package-name>			# Install a python package 
sudo yum install <package-name>		# Install a package in RPM based linux
ls [-a]| sort -r					# Piping or chaining commands (left command must return a result for right command to proceed)
varname="Hello"						# Shell variable (without any space between =)
echo $varname						# Calling the variable
echo $varname > file.txt			# writing value to a file
echo $varname >> file.txt			# appending value to a file
env									# List all environment variables
export varname						# Making it into environment variable
env | grep "varname"				# Check if the variable is in environment variable
unset varname						# Delete variable
alien <pkg> .rpm					# From debian to red-hat package conversionalien <pkg> .rpm
alien -r <pkg> .deb					# From rpm to deb
sudo apt/yum update <pkg>			# linux upgrade a package
sudo apt/yum install <pkg>			# linux install a package

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Contributed on Feb 20 2023

Innocent Iguana

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linux basic command syntax

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ls -l -r
ls -rl
ls -lr

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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sysadmin@localhost:~$ aptitude moo
There are no Easter Eggs in this program.

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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command [options…] [arguments…]

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls Documents
School           alpha-second.txt  food.txt     linux.txt     os.csv
Work             alpha-third.txt   hello.sh     longfile.txt  people.csv
adjectives.txt   alpha.txt         hidden.txt   newhome.txt   profile.txt
alpha-first.txt  animals.txt       letters.txt  numbers.txt   red.txt

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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sysadmin@localhost:~$ aptitude moo  
There are no Easter Eggs in this program.

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Source: content.netdevgroup.com

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic command syntax

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sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls -l
total 32
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Desktop                        
drwx------ 4 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Documents                      
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Downloads                      
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Music                          
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Pictures                       
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Public                         
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Templates                      
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20  2017 Videos

Popularity 8/10 Helpfulness 1/10 Language shell

Source: content.netdevgroup.com

Tags: basic command comm

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Contributed on Jul 19 2022

Bezaleel Manor

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linux basic commands

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