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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


       - MPI of RSA secret prime value q (p < q).

       - MPI of u, the multiplicative inverse of p, mod q.

       Algorithm-Specific Fields for DSA secret keys:

       - MPI of DSA secret exponent x.

       Algorithm-Specific Fields for Elgamal secret keys:

       - MPI of Elgamal secret exponent x.

   Secret MPI values can be encrypted using a passphrase.  If a string-
   to-key specifier is given, that describes the algorithm for
   converting the passphrase to a key, else a simple MD5 hash of the
   passphrase is used.  Implementations MUST use a string-to-key
   specifier; the simple hash is for backward compatibility and is
   deprecated, though implementations MAY continue to use existing
   private keys in the old format.  The cipher for encrypting the MPIs
   is specified in the Secret-Key packet.

   Encryption/decryption of the secret data is done in CFB mode using
   the key created from the passphrase and the Initial Vector from the
   packet.  A different mode is used with V3 keys (which are only RSA)
   than with other key formats.  With V3 keys, the MPI bit count prefix
   (i.e., the first two octets) is not encrypted.  Only the MPI non-
   prefix data is encrypted.  Furthermore, the CFB state is
   resynchronized at the beginning of each new MPI value, so that the
   CFB block boundary is aligned with the start of the MPI data.

   With V4 keys, a simpler method is used.  All secret MPI values are
   encrypted in CFB mode, including the MPI bitcount prefix.

   The two-octet checksum that follows the algorithm-specific portion is
   the algebraic sum, mod 65536, of the plaintext of all the algorithm-
   specific octets (including MPI prefix and data).  With V3 keys, the
   checksum is stored in the clear.  With V4 keys, the checksum is
   encrypted like the algorithm-specific data.  This value is used to
   check that the passphrase was correct.  However, this checksum is
   deprecated; an implementation SHOULD NOT use it, but should rather
   use the SHA-1 hash denoted with a usage octet of 254.  The reason for
   this is that there are some attacks that involve undetectably
   modifying the secret key.








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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


   4.  The sending OpenPGP encrypts the message using the session key,
       which forms the remainder of the message.  Note that the message
       is also usually compressed.

   5.  The receiving OpenPGP decrypts the session key using the
       recipient's private key.

   6.  The receiving OpenPGP decrypts the message using the session key.
       If the message was compressed, it will be decompressed.

   With symmetric-key encryption, an object may be encrypted with a
   symmetric key derived from a passphrase (or other shared secret), or
   a two-stage mechanism similar to the public-key method described
   above in which a session key is itself encrypted with a symmetric
   algorithm keyed from a shared secret.

   Both digital signature and confidentiality services may be applied to
   the same message.  First, a signature is generated for the message
   and attached to the message.  Then the message plus signature is
   encrypted using a symmetric session key.  Finally, the session key is
   encrypted using public-key encryption and prefixed to the encrypted
   block.

2.2.  Authentication via Digital Signature

   The digital signature uses a hash code or message digest algorithm,
   and a public-key signature algorithm.  The sequence is as follows:

   1.  The sender creates a message.

   2.  The sending software generates a hash code of the message.

   3.  The sending software generates a signature from the hash code
       using the sender's private key.

   4.  The binary signature is attached to the message.

   5.  The receiving software keeps a copy of the message signature.

   6.  The receiving software generates a new hash code for the received
       message and verifies it using the message's signature.  If the
       verification is successful, the message is accepted as authentic.

2.3.  Compression

   OpenPGP implementations SHOULD compress the message after applying
   the signature but before encryption.




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Network Working Group                                          J. Callas
Request for Comments: 4880                               PGP Corporation
Obsoletes: 1991, 2440                                     L. Donnerhacke
Category: Standards Track                                       IKS GmbH
                                                               H. Finney
                                                         PGP Corporation
                                                                 D. Shaw
                                                               R. Thayer
                                                           November 2007


                         OpenPGP Message Format

Status of This Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

   This document is maintained in order to publish all necessary
   information needed to develop interoperable applications based on the
   OpenPGP format.  It is not a step-by-step cookbook for writing an
   application.  It describes only the format and methods needed to
   read, check, generate, and write conforming packets crossing any
   network.  It does not deal with storage and implementation questions.
   It does, however, discuss implementation issues necessary to avoid
   security flaws.

   OpenPGP software uses a combination of strong public-key and
   symmetric cryptography to provide security services for electronic
   communications and data storage.  These services include
   confidentiality, key management, authentication, and digital
   signatures.  This document specifies the message formats used in
   OpenPGP.













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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................5
      1.1. Terms ......................................................5
   2. General functions ...............................................6
      2.1. Confidentiality via Encryption .............................6
      2.2. Authentication via Digital Signature .......................7
      2.3. Compression ................................................7
      2.4. Conversion to Radix-64 .....................................8
      2.5. Signature-Only Applications ................................8
   3. Data Element Formats ............................................8
      3.1. Scalar Numbers .............................................8
      3.2. Multiprecision Integers ....................................9
      3.3. Key IDs ....................................................9
      3.4. Text .......................................................9
      3.5. Time Fields ...............................................10
      3.6. Keyrings ..................................................10
      3.7. String-to-Key (S2K) Specifiers ............................10
           3.7.1. String-to-Key (S2K) Specifier Types ................10
                  3.7.1.1. Simple S2K ................................10
                  3.7.1.2. Salted S2K ................................11
                  3.7.1.3. Iterated and Salted S2K ...................11
           3.7.2. String-to-Key Usage ................................12
                  3.7.2.1. Secret-Key Encryption .....................12
                  3.7.2.2. Symmetric-Key Message Encryption ..........13
   4. Packet Syntax ..................................................13
      4.1. Overview ..................................................13
      4.2. Packet Headers ............................................13
           4.2.1. Old Format Packet Lengths ..........................14
           4.2.2. New Format Packet Lengths ..........................15
                  4.2.2.1. One-Octet Lengths .........................15
                  4.2.2.2. Two-Octet Lengths .........................15
                  4.2.2.3. Five-Octet Lengths ........................15
                  4.2.2.4. Partial Body Lengths ......................16
           4.2.3. Packet Length Examples .............................16
      4.3. Packet Tags ...............................................17
   5. Packet Types ...................................................17
      5.1. Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1) ..........17
      5.2. Signature Packet (Tag 2) ..................................19
           5.2.1. Signature Types ....................................19
           5.2.2. Version 3 Signature Packet Format ..................21
           5.2.3. Version 4 Signature Packet Format ..................24
                  5.2.3.1. Signature Subpacket Specification .........25
                  5.2.3.2. Signature Subpacket Types .................27
                  5.2.3.3. Notes on Self-Signatures ..................27
                  5.2.3.4. Signature Creation Time ...................28
                  5.2.3.5. Issuer ....................................28
                  5.2.3.6. Key Expiration Time .......................28



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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


                  5.2.3.7. Preferred Symmetric Algorithms ............28
                  5.2.3.8. Preferred Hash Algorithms .................29
                  5.2.3.9. Preferred Compression Algorithms ..........29
                  5.2.3.10. Signature Expiration Time ................29
                  5.2.3.11. Exportable Certification .................29
                  5.2.3.12. Revocable ................................30
                  5.2.3.13. Trust Signature ..........................30
                  5.2.3.14. Regular Expression .......................31
                  5.2.3.15. Revocation Key ...........................31
                  5.2.3.16. Notation Data ............................31
                  5.2.3.17. Key Server Preferences ...................32
                  5.2.3.18. Preferred Key Server .....................33
                  5.2.3.19. Primary User ID ..........................33
                  5.2.3.20. Policy URI ...............................33
                  5.2.3.21. Key Flags ................................33
                  5.2.3.22. Signer's User ID .........................34
                  5.2.3.23. Reason for Revocation ....................35
                  5.2.3.24. Features .................................36
                  5.2.3.25. Signature Target .........................36
                  5.2.3.26. Embedded Signature .......................37
           5.2.4. Computing Signatures ...............................37
                  5.2.4.1. Subpacket Hints ...........................38
      5.3. Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 3) .......38
      5.4. One-Pass Signature Packets (Tag 4) ........................39
      5.5. Key Material Packet .......................................40
           5.5.1. Key Packet Variants ................................40
                  5.5.1.1. Public-Key Packet (Tag 6) .................40
                  5.5.1.2. Public-Subkey Packet (Tag 14) .............40
                  5.5.1.3. Secret-Key Packet (Tag 5) .................41
                  5.5.1.4. Secret-Subkey Packet (Tag 7) ..............41
           5.5.2. Public-Key Packet Formats ..........................41
           5.5.3. Secret-Key Packet Formats ..........................43
      5.6. Compressed Data Packet (Tag 8) ............................45
      5.7. Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet (Tag 9) ...............45
      5.8. Marker Packet (Obsolete Literal Packet) (Tag 10) ..........46
      5.9. Literal Data Packet (Tag 11) ..............................46
      5.10. Trust Packet (Tag 12) ....................................47
      5.11. User ID Packet (Tag 13) ..................................48
      5.12. User Attribute Packet (Tag 17) ...........................48
           5.12.1. The Image Attribute Subpacket .....................48
      5.13. Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet (Tag 18) ..49
      5.14. Modification Detection Code Packet (Tag 19) ..............52
   6. Radix-64 Conversions ...........................................53
      6.1. An Implementation of the CRC-24 in "C" ....................54
      6.2. Forming ASCII Armor .......................................54
      6.3. Encoding Binary in Radix-64 ...............................57
      6.4. Decoding Radix-64 .........................................58
      6.5. Examples of Radix-64 ......................................59



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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


      6.6. Example of an ASCII Armored Message .......................59
   7. Cleartext Signature Framework ..................................59
      7.1. Dash-Escaped Text .........................................60
   8. Regular Expressions ............................................61
   9. Constants ......................................................61
      9.1. Public-Key Algorithms .....................................62
      9.2. Symmetric-Key Algorithms ..................................62
      9.3. Compression Algorithms ....................................63
      9.4. Hash Algorithms ...........................................63
   10. IANA Considerations ...........................................63
      10.1. New String-to-Key Specifier Types ........................64
      10.2. New Packets ..............................................64
           10.2.1. User Attribute Types ..............................64
                  10.2.1.1. Image Format Subpacket Types .............64
           10.2.2. New Signature Subpackets ..........................64
                  10.2.2.1. Signature Notation Data Subpackets .......65
                  10.2.2.2. Key Server Preference Extensions .........65
                  10.2.2.3. Key Flags Extensions .....................65
                  10.2.2.4. Reason For Revocation Extensions .........65
                  10.2.2.5. Implementation Features ..................66
           10.2.3. New Packet Versions ...............................66
      10.3. New Algorithms ...........................................66
           10.3.1. Public-Key Algorithms .............................66
           10.3.2. Symmetric-Key Algorithms ..........................67
           10.3.3. Hash Algorithms ...................................67
           10.3.4. Compression Algorithms ............................67
   11. Packet Composition ............................................67
      11.1. Transferable Public Keys .................................67
      11.2. Transferable Secret Keys .................................69
      11.3. OpenPGP Messages .........................................69
      11.4. Detached Signatures ......................................70
   12. Enhanced Key Formats ..........................................70
      12.1. Key Structures ...........................................70
      12.2. Key IDs and Fingerprints .................................71
   13. Notes on Algorithms ...........................................72
      13.1. PKCS#1 Encoding in OpenPGP ...............................72
           13.1.1. EME-PKCS1-v1_5-ENCODE .............................73
           13.1.2. EME-PKCS1-v1_5-DECODE .............................73
           13.1.3. EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5 ...................................74
      13.2. Symmetric Algorithm Preferences ..........................75
      13.3. Other Algorithm Preferences ..............................76
           13.3.1. Compression Preferences ...........................76
           13.3.2. Hash Algorithm Preferences ........................76
      13.4. Plaintext ................................................77
      13.5. RSA ......................................................77
      13.6. DSA ......................................................77
      13.7. Elgamal ..................................................78
      13.8. Reserved Algorithm Numbers ...............................78



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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


      13.9. OpenPGP CFB Mode .........................................78
      13.10. Private or Experimental Parameters ......................79
      13.11. Extension of the MDC System .............................80
      13.12. Meta-Considerations for Expansion .......................80
   14. Security Considerations .......................................81
   15. Implementation Nits ...........................................84
   16. References ....................................................86
      16.1. Normative References .....................................86
      16.2. Informative References ...................................88

1.  Introduction

   This document provides information on the message-exchange packet
   formats used by OpenPGP to provide encryption, decryption, signing,
   and key management functions.  It is a revision of RFC 2440, "OpenPGP
   Message Format", which itself replaces RFC 1991, "PGP Message
   Exchange Formats" [RFC1991] [RFC2440].

1.1.  Terms

     * OpenPGP - This is a term for security software that uses PGP 5.x
       as a basis, formalized in RFC 2440 and this document.

     * PGP - Pretty Good Privacy.  PGP is a family of software systems
       developed by Philip R. Zimmermann from which OpenPGP is based.

     * PGP 2.6.x - This version of PGP has many variants, hence the term
       PGP 2.6.x.  It used only RSA, MD5, and IDEA for its cryptographic
       transforms.  An informational RFC, RFC 1991, was written
       describing this version of PGP.

     * PGP 5.x - This version of PGP is formerly known as "PGP 3" in the
       community and also in the predecessor of this document, RFC 1991.
       It has new formats and corrects a number of problems in the PGP
       2.6.x design.  It is referred to here as PGP 5.x because that
       software was the first release of the "PGP 3" code base.

     * GnuPG - GNU Privacy Guard, also called GPG.  GnuPG is an OpenPGP
       implementation that avoids all encumbered algorithms.
       Consequently, early versions of GnuPG did not include RSA public
       keys.  GnuPG may or may not have (depending on version) support
       for IDEA or other encumbered algorithms.

   "PGP", "Pretty Good", and "Pretty Good Privacy" are trademarks of PGP
   Corporation and are used with permission.  The term "OpenPGP" refers
   to the protocol described in this and related documents.





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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   The key words "PRIVATE USE", "HIERARCHICAL ALLOCATION", "FIRST COME
   FIRST SERVED", "EXPERT REVIEW", "SPECIFICATION REQUIRED", "IESG
   APPROVAL", "IETF CONSENSUS", and "STANDARDS ACTION" that appear in
   this document when used to describe namespace allocation are to be
   interpreted as described in [RFC2434].

2.  General functions

   OpenPGP provides data integrity services for messages and data files
   by using these core technologies:

     - digital signatures

     - encryption

     - compression

     - Radix-64 conversion

   In addition, OpenPGP provides key management and certificate
   services, but many of these are beyond the scope of this document.

2.1.  Confidentiality via Encryption

   OpenPGP combines symmetric-key encryption and public-key encryption
   to provide confidentiality.  When made confidential, first the object
   is encrypted using a symmetric encryption algorithm.  Each symmetric
   key is used only once, for a single object.  A new "session key" is
   generated as a random number for each object (sometimes referred to
   as a session).  Since it is used only once, the session key is bound
   to the message and transmitted with it.  To protect the key, it is
   encrypted with the receiver's public key.  The sequence is as
   follows:

   1.  The sender creates a message.

   2.  The sending OpenPGP generates a random number to be used as a
       session key for this message only.

   3.  The session key is encrypted using each recipient's public key.
       These "encrypted session keys" start the message.






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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


   If an implementation does not implement compression, its authors
   should be aware that most OpenPGP messages in the world are
   compressed.  Thus, it may even be wise for a space-constrained
   implementation to implement decompression, but not compression.

   Furthermore, compression has the added side effect that some types of
   attacks can be thwarted by the fact that slightly altered, compressed
   data rarely uncompresses without severe errors.  This is hardly
   rigorous, but it is operationally useful.  These attacks can be
   rigorously prevented by implementing and using Modification Detection
   Codes as described in sections following.

2.4.  Conversion to Radix-64

   OpenPGP's underlying native representation for encrypted messages,
   signature certificates, and keys is a stream of arbitrary octets.
   Some systems only permit the use of blocks consisting of seven-bit,
   printable text.  For transporting OpenPGP's native raw binary octets
   through channels that are not safe to raw binary data, a printable
   encoding of these binary octets is needed.  OpenPGP provides the
   service of converting the raw 8-bit binary octet stream to a stream
   of printable ASCII characters, called Radix-64 encoding or ASCII
   Armor.

   Implementations SHOULD provide Radix-64 conversions.

2.5.  Signature-Only Applications

   OpenPGP is designed for applications that use both encryption and
   signatures, but there are a number of problems that are solved by a
   signature-only implementation.  Although this specification requires
   both encryption and signatures, it is reasonable for there to be
   subset implementations that are non-conformant only in that they omit
   encryption.

3.  Data Element Formats

   This section describes the data elements used by OpenPGP.

3.1.  Scalar Numbers

   Scalar numbers are unsigned and are always stored in big-endian
   format.  Using n[k] to refer to the kth octet being interpreted, the
   value of a two-octet scalar is ((n[0] << 8) + n[1]).  The value of a
   four-octet scalar is ((n[0] << 24) + (n[1] << 16) + (n[2] << 8) +
   n[3]).





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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


3.2.  Multiprecision Integers

   Multiprecision integers (also called MPIs) are unsigned integers used
   to hold large integers such as the ones used in cryptographic
   calculations.

   An MPI consists of two pieces: a two-octet scalar that is the length
   of the MPI in bits followed by a string of octets that contain the
   actual integer.

   These octets form a big-endian number; a big-endian number can be
   made into an MPI by prefixing it with the appropriate length.

   Examples:

   (all numbers are in hexadecimal)

   The string of octets [00 01 01] forms an MPI with the value 1.  The
   string [00 09 01 FF] forms an MPI with the value of 511.

   Additional rules:

   The size of an MPI is ((MPI.length + 7) / 8) + 2 octets.

   The length field of an MPI describes the length starting from its
   most significant non-zero bit.  Thus, the MPI [00 02 01] is not
   formed correctly.  It should be [00 01 01].

   Unused bits of an MPI MUST be zero.

   Also note that when an MPI is encrypted, the length refers to the
   plaintext MPI.  It may be ill-formed in its ciphertext.

3.3.  Key IDs

   A Key ID is an eight-octet scalar that identifies a key.
   Implementations SHOULD NOT assume that Key IDs are unique.  The
   section "Enhanced Key Formats" below describes how Key IDs are
   formed.

3.4.  Text

   Unless otherwise specified, the character set for text is the UTF-8
   [RFC3629] encoding of Unicode [ISO10646].







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RFC 4880                 OpenPGP Message Format            November 2007


3.5.  Time Fields

   A time field is an unsigned four-octet number containing the number
   of seconds elapsed since midnight, 1 January 1970 UTC.

3.6.  Keyrings

   A keyring is a collection of one or more keys in a file or database.
   Traditionally, a keyring is simply a sequential list of keys, but may
   be any suitable database.  It is beyond the scope of this standard to
   discuss the details of keyrings or other databases.

3.7.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifiers

   String-to-key (S2K) specifiers are used to convert passphrase strings
   into symmetric-key encryption/decryption keys.  They are used in two
   places, currently: to encrypt the secret part of private keys in the
   private keyring, and to convert passphrases to encryption keys for
   symmetrically encrypted messages.

3.7.1.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifier Types

   There are three types of S2K specifiers currently supported, and
   some reserved values:

       ID          S2K Type
       --          --------
       0           Simple S2K
       1           Salted S2K
       2           Reserved value
       3           Iterated and Salted S2K
       100 to 110  Private/Experimental S2K

   These are described in Sections 3.7.1.1 - 3.7.1.3.

3.7.1.1.  Simple S2K

   This directly hashes the string to produce the key data.  See below
   for how this hashing is done.

       Octet 0:        0x00
       Octet 1:        hash algorithm

   Simple S2K hashes the passphrase to produce the session key.  The
   manner in which this is done depends on the size of the session key
   (which will depend on the cipher used) and the size of the hash





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