First-level cache: Also known as session cache, it is a temporary cache that exists for the duration of a Hibernate session. This cache stores objects that have been retrieved from the database during the current session, and subsequent requests for the same object are served from this cache. First-level cache is enabled by default in Hibernate and does not require any additional configuration.

Second-level cache: This cache is shared among multiple sessions and can be configured to use a variety of caching providers, such as EHCache, Infinispan, or Redis. The second-level cache stores serialized representations of objects and can be configured to cache entire entities, collections, or queries. Hibernate does not provide an implementation of second-level cache, but it provides a pluggable architecture that allows you to integrate with any caching provider.

Query cache: This cache is used to cache the results of queries. When a query is executed, Hibernate checks the query cache to see if the results are already cached. If the results are cached, they are returned from the cache, otherwise, the query is executed and the results are cached for subsequent requests. The query cache can be used in combination with the second-level cache to further improve performance.