ack=1: In this setting, the producer receives a confirmation once the leader replica receives the message. If the leader crashes and a new leader has not yet been elected, an error is returned to the producer which can retry sending the message. However, the message can still get lost if the leader crashes and a replica is elected as the new leader that has not received the message (known as unclean election). In this setting, the throughput is determined whether the messages are sent synchronously or asynchronously. In the latter case, the throughput is capped by the number of in-flight messages (messages that have been sent but which haven’t yet been received).

ack=all: This setting returns the producer a response once all the replicas write the sent message. This ensures that more than one broker has the message, thus protecting it even in the face of crashes. The increased reliability is accompanied by increased latency as all the replicas must receive the message.