In Scala, classes and abstract classes are fundamental concepts used to define and structure the blueprint for objects. Both classes and abstract classes play crucial roles in object-oriented programming, but they have distinct characteristics and use cases.

Classes:

Definition: A class in Scala is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the structure and behavior of objects based on its properties (fields) and methods. You can create instances (objects) of a class to work with its data and functionality.

Instantiation: You can create objects (instances) of a class using the new keyword. These objects can access the class's fields and methods.

Fields and Methods: Classes can have fields (also known as properties or member variables) and methods. Fields define the data or state of objects, while methods define the behavior or operations that objects can perform.

Inheritance: Classes can inherit from other classes, forming a class hierarchy. S